Spain: mid-pack overall, with governance the main pressure. Its overall risk score is 41 out of 100 (medium), blended from World Bank, INFORM Risk Index and ND-GAIN Country Index.

What drives Spain's risk?

Spain's highest pressures are governance (51, medium) and adaptation (48). Its strongest area is social (24).

How might Spain's climate change by 2080?

Under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), about 29% of Spain's land shifts toward a drier, more arid zone by 2080, lifting its climate-hazard pressure index from 73 to 71 out of 100. This Koppen-based outlook is a separate, forward-looking measure from the historical ND-GAIN scores.

How much will Spain warm by 2080?

Under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), Spain is on track to warm by +3.4 °C by 2080, with annual precipitation changing by -41 mm; under lower emissions (SSP2-4.5) the warming is about +2.3 °C. Based on CMIP6 multi-model projections against a 1970-2000 baseline.

How much will sea levels rise along Spain's coast?

Coastal sea level along Spain is projected to rise by +0.76 m by 2100 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), and by about +0.56 m under lower emissions (SSP2-4.5). Based on the regional median of IPCC AR6 projections.

How will water stress change in Spain?

The share of Spain under high water stress is projected to move from 67% today to 88% by 2080 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). Based on WRI Aqueduct projections.

How will river-flood exposure change in Spain?

The share of Spain exposed to river flooding is projected to move from 1.9% today to 1.1% by 2080 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). Based on WRI Aqueduct riverine-flood projections.

When was Spain's risk data last updated?

Updated September 2026, drawing on World Bank, INFORM Risk Index and ND-GAIN Country Index.

Spain Climate risk profile and hazard map

Region: Europe
Subregion: Southern Europe
Income: High income, OECD
ISO: ESP

Spain: mid-pack overall, with governance the main pressure.

Live events

Hourly disaster feed, shown alongside the standing risk below. Open the live map

How risky is Spain, overall?

The composite and its five dimensions. Higher means more risk.

Medium 41 / 100

47 Climate Medium
34 Nature +0.2 Low
24 Social Low
51 Governance Medium
48 Adaptation +0.6 Medium

Which hazards threaten Spain most?

Physical hazard intensity. INFORM Risk Index, 0 to 10.

6.4FloodHigh

Spain in global context

Risk-ranked against its cohorts. Click any country to open its page.

Southern Europe

#7 of 14 · median 42

Europe

#28 of 43 · median 38

High income: OECD

#26 of 31 · median 37

Put two countries head to head

Compare with any neighbour on all risks and their 5-year trajectory.

Compare Score a site here

Spain: outlook from 2050 to 2100

Projected physical change under a moderate (SSP2-4.5) and a high (SSP5-8.5) emissions pathway.

By 2080 under a high-emissions pathway, Spain is projected to warm +3.4 °C, with annual rainfall changing -41 mm.

+3.4 °C

Temperature

20502080

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: +2.4 °C → +3.4 °C
Lower emissions SSP2-4.5: +1.9 °C → +2.3 °C

Hottest month +5.6 °C by 2080 (SSP5-8.5).

-41 mm

Precipitation

20502080

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: -11 mm → -41 mm
Lower emissions SSP2-4.5: -12 mm → -25 mm

Driest month -3 mm by 2080 (SSP5-8.5).

88%

Water stress

20502080

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: 86% → 88%
Current path SSP3-7.0: 82% → 85%

Share of land under high or extreme water stress; 67% today.

1.1%

River flooding

20502080

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: 1.3% → 1.1%
Lower emissions SSP2-4.5: 1.4% → 1.4%

Land exposed to a 100-year river flood; 1.9% today.

Sea level

Spain: under high emissions, a 100-year coastal flood in 2080 could reach 8 of its largest cities.

Coastal sea-level rise

20502100

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: +0.24 m → +0.76 m
Lower emissions SSP2-4.5: +0.22 m → +0.56 m

Largest exposed cities

PopulationMax depth

Max depth: the deepest water within 12 km of the city center in a 100-year coastal flood in 2080, under RCP8.5 with high-end sea-level rise (95th percentile), ignoring flood defenses and land subsidence. Source: WRI Aqueduct Floods.

Regional estimate for the country's coast (IPCC AR6 median), not the global average.

Projections from public CMIP6 (WorldClim 2.1, 5-model median, against a 1970-2000 baseline), WRI Aqueduct 4.0 and IPCC AR6 data. Monthly and bioclimatic aggregates, not daily-threshold indices. Forward-looking estimates, not a re-scored site risk.

Indicator panel

Every source-level indicator behind the dimensions above. Sort by score, value, or name.

		Year		vs world	vs region
Energy Imports	77.1 % of energy use	2023	96.6	+3.4	+2.4
Renewable Energy Share	19.0 % of total energy	2021	80.3	+4.9	+2.5
Fossil Fuel Consumption	68.5 % of total	2023	67.5	+1.5	+6.9
Flood Risk	6.40 0-10	2026	64.0	+12.0	+5.0
Land Surface Temperature	22.4 deg C change	2021	54.8	-9.9	+16.4
Renewable Electricity Share	47.0 % of total	2021	53.0	-22.1	-7.1
Coastal Protection Needed	53.7 % coast	2020	39.9	-44.4	-39.3
Heating Degree Days	3433 degree days	2020	23.6	+22.2	-13.2
Energy Use Per Capita	2297 kg oil eq per capita	2023	14.5	-2.2	-3.6
Cooling Degree Days	1010 degree days	2020	13.8	-38.0	+10.1
CO2 Emissions Per Capita	4.28 metric tons	2020	13.6	+5.9	-1.4
Energy Intensity	2.53 MJ/$2017 PPP GDP	2022	12.2	-7.0	-2.3
N2O Emissions Per Capita	0.44 kt CO2e per capita	2020	10.3	+3.3	-0.3
PM2.5 Air Pollution	9.58 ug/m3	2020	5.8	-13.4	-2.1
Coal Electricity Share	1.56 % of total	2023	2.6	-12.0	-6.8
Heat Index	0.00 index	2020	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Access to Clean Fuels	100 % population	2022	0.0	-10.3	0.0

		Year		vs world	vs region
Protected Areas	17.9 % of land	2023	82.1	-6.8	0.0
Projected Cereal Yield Change	0.80 0-1	2023	80.1	-6.4	+49.3
Urban Concentration	0.80 0-1	2023	80.1	+22.7	+7.9
Energy Import Dependency	0.77 0-1	2023	77.1	+51.4	+28.2
Food Production Index	98.8 index	2022	73.9	+6.8	+1.6
Freshwater Withdrawal	26.1 % of internal resources	2021	73.8	+23.5	+23.5
Dam Capacity	0.72 0-1	2023	71.6	-21.7	-19.9
Projected Vector Disease Change	0.66 0-1	2023	65.8	0.0	0.0
Agricultural Capacity	0.66 0-1	2023	65.6	-26.2	-17.1
Health Expenditure Per Capita	0.65 0-1	2023	64.7	-19.5	+4.9
Projected Biome Distribution Change	0.65 0-1	2023	64.7	+7.1	-1.2
Agricultural Land	53.4 % of land	2022	62.9	+15.6	+11.9
Forest Area	37.2 % of land	2022	60.7	-5.6	-3.9
Projected Warm Period Change	0.53 0-1	2023	53.3	-14.5	-20.2
Age Dependency Ratio	0.49 0-1	2023	48.5	-4.3	-3.6
Projected Hydropower Change	0.48 0-1	2023	47.6	+3.9	+2.2
Tsunami Risk	4.60 0-10	2026	46.0	+35.0	+46.0
Projected Annual Runoff Change	0.45 0-1	2023	45.3	+5.7	+21.6
Projected Marine Biodiversity Loss	0.34 0-1	2023	34.0	-3.3	-5.6
Natural Capital Dependency	0.33 0-1	2023	32.7	+10.9	+4.2
Quality of Trade Infrastructure	0.31 0-1	2023	30.8	-31.3	-7.7
Earthquake Risk	2.90 0-10	2026	29.0	-6.0	-2.5
Population Below 5m	0.24 0-1	2023	24.1	+9.4	+14.5
Freshwater Withdrawal Rate	0.22 0-1	2023	22.3	+14.9	+14.6
Rural Population	0.20 0-1	2023	19.9	-22.7	-7.9
Food Import Dependency	0.19 0-1	2023	19.0	-2.7	+2.3
Projected Groundwater Change	0.19 0-1	2023	18.6	-7.6	-7.0
Environmental Treaties Engagement	0.17 0-1	2023	17.0	-59.3	-29.1
Protected Biome Areas	0.15 0-1	2023	14.9	-26.1	-4.6
Access to Improved Sanitation	0.10 0-1	2023	10.1	-29.1	-0.3
Threatened Mammal Species	17.0 count	2018	8.9	+3.7	+6.8
Projected Population Change	0.09 0-1	2023	8.6	-13.7	0.0
Projected Flood Hazard Change	0.08 0-1	2023	8.4	-10.0	-1.2
Agriculture GDP Share	2.50 % of GDP	2023	6.9	-12.0	+0.8
Projected Sea Level Rise Impact	0.04 0-1	2023	4.2	-9.3	-6.2
Ecological Footprint	0.04 0-1	2023	3.8	-18.8	-0.2
Projected Climate-Related Deaths	0.03 0-1	2023	3.0	-27.3	0.0
Tree Cover Loss	85792 hectares	2021	1.3	+1.2	+1.1
Water Stress	43.3 %	2021	1.1	+0.8	+0.9
Paved Roads	0.01 0-1	2023	1.0	-54.0	-9.1
Access to Reliable Drinking Water	0.00 0-1	2023	0.4	-20.0	-1.7
Water Dependency Ratio	0.00 0-1	2023	0.3	-6.6	-14.9
Natural Resource Depletion	0.04 % of GNI	2021	0.1	-2.0	-0.2
Forest Depletion	0.00 % of GNI	2021	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Child Malnutrition	0.00 0-1	2023	0.0	-13.8	0.0
Slum Population	0.00 0-1	2023	0.0	-16.5	0.0
Electricity Access	0.00 0-1	2023	0.0	0.0	0.0

		Year		vs world	vs region
Education Expenditure	9.25 % of govt	2022	80.3	+15.4	+3.5
Uprooted People	8.00 0-10	2026	80.0	+21.0	+10.5
Hospital Beds	2.94 per 1,000	2021	79.2	-4.7	+12.1
Shared Prosperity Growth	1.60 % annual	2022	64.1	+4.3	+6.5
Primary School Enrollment	102 % gross	2022	60.7	-2.9	-2.4
Net Migration	119099 persons	2023	59.1	+4.1	+3.9
Aging Population	20.7 % population	2023	54.9	+38.5	+1.5
Income Share Bottom 20%	6.60 %	2022	52.8	+8.4	+16.7
School Gender Parity	1.02 ratio	2020	50.5	-6.4	-8.9
GDP Growth	2.68 % annual	2023	49.2	+0.3	-1.1
Overweight Adults	49.9 % adults	2022	49.1	-6.9	-8.3
Unemployment Rate	12.2 %	2023	34.5	+20.3	+19.4
Poverty Rate (National)	20.2 % population	2022	32.3	-0.2	+4.0
Gini Coefficient	33.6 0-100	2022	30.9	+0.1	+7.8
Labor Participation	74.6 % (15+)	2023	21.8	-8.3	+3.3
Gender Labor Ratio	84.1 ratio F/M	2023	21.0	-6.0	-0.3
Sanitation Access	90.0 % population	2022	10.3	-29.7	0.0
Food Security	1.00 0-10	2026	10.0	-8.0	+2.5
ESG Performance Score	2.48 0-100	2018	9.2	-15.8	-4.0
Life Expectancy	83.9 years	2023	7.8	-31.7	-7.4
Fertility Rate	1.12 births per woman	2023	7.4	-15.9	-5.9
Communicable Disease Deaths	5.61 %	2019	6.8	-9.3	+1.4
Internet Users	95.4 % population	2023	5.2	-15.7	-4.4
Health Conditions	0.20 0-10	2026	2.0	-6.0	0.0
Children Under 5	0.20 0-10	2026	2.0	-9.0	-1.0
Under-5 Mortality Rate	3.10 per 1,000	2023	1.5	-10.7	-0.4
Adult Literacy Rate	99.0 %	2020	1.4	-7.3	0.0
Aid Dependency	0.10 0-10	2026	1.0	-24.0	-5.0
Recent Shocks	0.10 0-10	2026	1.0	0.0	+1.0
Safe Drinking Water	99.6 % population	2022	0.5	-21.0	-1.5
Population Density	95.6 people/km2	2022	0.5	0.0	0.0
Development and Deprivation	0.00 0-10	2026	0.0	-30.0	0.0
Access to Electricity	100 % population	2023	0.0	0.0	0.0
Undernourishment	2.50 % population	2022	0.0	-5.8	0.0

		Year		vs world	vs region
Patent Applications	1308 count	2021	99.9	-0.1	-0.1
Scientific Articles	67100 count	2022	92.5	-7.4	-6.5
R&D Expenditure	1.44 % of GDP	2022	76.6	-11.4	-0.5
Legal Rights Strength	5.00 0-12	2019	58.3	+8.3	+8.3
Political Stability	0.29 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	44.3	-5.5	+6.3
Control of Corruption	0.63 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	37.4	-18.2	+2.8
Regulatory Quality	0.69 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	36.1	-16.6	+4.7
INFORM Governance Index	3.60 0-10	2026	36.0	-20.0	-0.5
Government Effectiveness	0.75 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	35.0	-16.7	+5.7
Rule of Law	0.82 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	33.5	-19.5	+4.9
Women in Parliament	44.3 % seats	2023	27.7	-30.5	-15.8
Voice and Accountability	1.19 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	26.1	-22.8	-2.4
Communication Infrastructure	1.00 0-10	2026	10.0	-10.0	-4.0
Healthcare Access	0.30 0-10	2026	3.0	-34.0	-2.5
Physical Infrastructure	0.00 0-10	2026	0.0	-30.0	-1.0

		Year		vs world	vs region
Innovation (Readiness)	0.13 0-1	2023	86.8	-7.9	+12.3
Social Inequality (Readiness)	0.40 0-1	2023	59.7	+8.2	+21.6
Doing Business Score	0.50 0-1	2023	50.1	-8.3	+5.9
Education (Readiness)	0.57 0-1	2023	43.3	-29.8	-11.6
Control of Corruption (Readiness)	0.57 0-1	2023	43.0	-21.3	+3.2
Political Stability (Readiness)	0.62 0-1	2023	38.1	-5.0	+5.4
Rule of Law (Readiness)	0.64 0-1	2023	35.8	-16.8	+4.7
Regulatory Quality (Readiness)	0.67 0-1	2023	32.9	-19.1	+4.8
ICT Infrastructure	0.70 0-1	2023	29.9	-17.8	-3.3

These indicators have site-level resolution. Score your exact location.

Score a site in Spain →

But what about your location?

The country score is an average. Get the full risk breakdown for one address or point inside Spain.

Where exactly?

Type an address, city, or landmark and we resolve it to a precise risk profile for that point.

orpinpoint it on the map →

Map of Spain — Pinpoint on the map Open the map

Common questions

Answer-first, drawn from the same data above.

How risky is Spain?
Spain: mid-pack overall, with governance the main pressure. Its overall risk score is 41 out of 100 (medium), blended from World Bank, INFORM Risk Index and ND-GAIN Country Index.
What drives Spain's risk?
Spain's highest pressures are governance (51, medium) and adaptation (48). Its strongest area is social (24).
How might Spain's climate change by 2080?
Under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), about 29% of Spain's land shifts toward a drier, more arid zone by 2080, lifting its climate-hazard pressure index from 73 to 71 out of 100. This Koppen-based outlook is a separate, forward-looking measure from the historical ND-GAIN scores.
How much will Spain warm by 2080?
Under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), Spain is on track to warm by +3.4 °C by 2080, with annual precipitation changing by -41 mm; under lower emissions (SSP2-4.5) the warming is about +2.3 °C. Based on CMIP6 multi-model projections against a 1970-2000 baseline.
How much will sea levels rise along Spain's coast?
Coastal sea level along Spain is projected to rise by +0.76 m by 2100 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), and by about +0.56 m under lower emissions (SSP2-4.5). Based on the regional median of IPCC AR6 projections.
How will water stress change in Spain?
The share of Spain under high water stress is projected to move from 67% today to 88% by 2080 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). Based on WRI Aqueduct projections.
How will river-flood exposure change in Spain?
The share of Spain exposed to river flooding is projected to move from 1.9% today to 1.1% by 2080 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). Based on WRI Aqueduct riverine-flood projections.
When was Spain's risk data last updated?
Updated September 2026, drawing on World Bank, INFORM Risk Index and ND-GAIN Country Index.