What drives Saudi Arabia's risk?

Saudi Arabia's highest pressures are governance (57, medium) and climate (50). Its strongest area is social (20).

How might Saudi Arabia's climate change by 2080?

Saudi Arabia's climate zones stay broadly stable through 2080 even under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5); its Koppen-based climate-hazard pressure index holds near 66 out of 100. This forward-looking outlook is separate from the historical ND-GAIN scores.

How much will Saudi Arabia warm by 2080?

Under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), Saudi Arabia is on track to warm by +4.3 °C by 2080, with annual precipitation changing by +4 mm; under lower emissions (SSP2-4.5) the warming is about +2.9 °C. Based on CMIP6 multi-model projections against a 1970-2000 baseline.

How much will sea levels rise along Saudi Arabia's coast?

Coastal sea level along Saudi Arabia is projected to rise by +0.74 m by 2100 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), and by about +0.50 m under lower emissions (SSP2-4.5). Based on the regional median of IPCC AR6 projections.

How will water stress change in Saudi Arabia?

The share of Saudi Arabia under high water stress is projected to move from 23% today to 28% by 2080 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). Based on WRI Aqueduct projections.

How will river-flood exposure change in Saudi Arabia?

The share of Saudi Arabia exposed to river flooding is projected to move from 0.1% today to 0% by 2080 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). Based on WRI Aqueduct riverine-flood projections.

When was Saudi Arabia's risk data last updated?

Updated September 2026, drawing on World Bank, INFORM Risk Index and ND-GAIN Country Index.

Saudi Arabia Climate risk profile and hazard map

Region: Asia
Subregion: Western Asia
Income: High income, non-OECD
ISO: SAU

Saudi Arabia: mid-pack overall, with governance the main pressure, easing recently.

Live events

Hourly disaster feed, shown alongside the standing risk below. Open the live map

How risky is Saudi Arabia, overall?

The composite and its five dimensions. Higher means more risk.

Medium 41 / 100

50 Climate Medium
34 Nature -0.9 Low
20 Social Very low
57 Governance Medium
43 Adaptation -6.6 Medium

Which hazards threaten Saudi Arabia most?

Physical hazard intensity. INFORM Risk Index, 0 to 10.

4.8FloodMedium
2.7DRR capacityLow

Saudi Arabia in global context

Risk-ranked against its cohorts. Click any country to open its page.

Western Asia

#7 of 18 · median 43

Asia

#11 of 48 · median 47

High income: nonOECD

#15 of 20 · median 36

Put two countries head to head

Compare with any neighbour on all risks and their 5-year trajectory.

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Saudi Arabia: outlook from 2050 to 2100

Projected physical change under a moderate (SSP2-4.5) and a high (SSP5-8.5) emissions pathway.

By 2080 under a high-emissions pathway, Saudi Arabia is projected to warm +4.3 °C, with annual rainfall changing +4 mm.

+4.3 °C

Temperature

20502080

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: +3.1 °C → +4.3 °C
Lower emissions SSP2-4.5: +2.4 °C → +2.9 °C

Hottest month +5.3 °C by 2080 (SSP5-8.5).

+4 mm

Precipitation

20502080

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: +4 mm → +4 mm
Lower emissions SSP2-4.5: +3 mm → +2 mm

Driest month 0 mm by 2080 (SSP5-8.5).

28%

Water stress

20502080

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: 24% → 28%
Current path SSP3-7.0: 24% → 26%

Share of land under high or extreme water stress; 23% today.

River flooding

20502080

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: 0.1% → 0%
Lower emissions SSP2-4.5: 0.1% → 0.1%

Land exposed to a 100-year river flood; 0.1% today.

Sea level

Saudi Arabia: under high emissions, a 100-year coastal flood in 2080 could reach 8 of its largest cities.

Coastal sea-level rise

20502100

Higher emissions SSP5-8.5: +0.23 m → +0.74 m
Lower emissions SSP2-4.5: +0.19 m → +0.50 m

Largest exposed cities

PopulationMax depth

Max depth: the deepest water within 12 km of the city center in a 100-year coastal flood in 2080, under RCP8.5 with high-end sea-level rise (95th percentile), ignoring flood defenses and land subsidence. Source: WRI Aqueduct Floods.

Regional estimate for the country's coast (IPCC AR6 median), not the global average.

Projections from public CMIP6 (WorldClim 2.1, 5-model median, against a 1970-2000 baseline), WRI Aqueduct 4.0 and IPCC AR6 data. Monthly and bioclimatic aggregates, not daily-threshold indices. Forward-looking estimates, not a re-scored site risk.

Indicator panel

Every source-level indicator behind the dimensions above. Sort by score, value, or name.

		Year		vs world	vs region
Renewable Energy Share	0.10 % of total energy	2021	99.9	+24.5	+9.3
Renewable Electricity Share	0.07 % of total	2021	99.9	+24.8	+16.9
Fossil Fuel Consumption	99.9 % of total	2022	99.9	+27.2	+13.1
Land Surface Temperature	41.3 deg C change	2021	93.8	+29.1	+26.3
Coastal Protection Needed	94.2 % coast	2020	92.5	+8.2	+2.2
Cooling Degree Days	5932 degree days	2020	81.2	+29.4	+30.2
PM2.5 Air Pollution	53.1 ug/m3	2020	60.1	+40.9	+33.9
Energy Imports	-178 % of energy use	2022	54.5	-16.6	-16.2
CO2 Emissions Per Capita	16.3 metric tons	2020	51.9	+44.2	+41.0
Flood Risk	4.80 0-10	2026	48.0	-4.0	-17.5
Energy Use Per Capita	7530 kg oil eq per capita	2022	44.9	+36.6	+36.0
Energy Intensity	5.81 MJ/$2017 PPP GDP	2021	26.8	+10.2	+8.4
Heat Index	34.6 index	2020	25.4	+25.3	+23.3
N2O Emissions Per Capita	0.26 kt CO2e per capita	2020	6.1	-0.9	0.0
Heating Degree Days	508 degree days	2020	3.5	+2.0	-4.1
Access to Clean Fuels	100 % population	2022	0.0	-10.3	-8.7
Coal Electricity Share	0.00 % of total	2021	0.0	0.0	-5.8

		Year		vs world	vs region
Freshwater Withdrawal Rate	1.00 0-1	2023	100.0	+92.5	+72.5
Forest Area	0.45 % of land	2022	99.5	+33.2	+14.6
Dam Capacity	0.99 0-1	2023	99.2	+5.9	+5.6
Freshwater Withdrawal	974 % of internal resources	2021	97.7	+47.4	+22.1
Agricultural Land	80.8 % of land	2022	95.5	+48.2	+55.2
Disaster Preparedness	0.95 0-1	2023	95.0	+65.0	+70.0
Agricultural Capacity	0.92 0-1	2023	91.5	-0.3	+3.0
Protected Areas	14.2 % of land	2023	85.8	-3.1	-7.4
Urban Concentration	0.84 0-1	2023	83.8	+26.4	+28.4
Environmental Treaties Engagement	0.80 0-1	2023	80.2	+3.9	0.0
Paved Roads	0.79 0-1	2023	79.1	+24.0	+52.3
Health Expenditure Per Capita	0.73 0-1	2023	72.5	-11.7	-9.3
Projected Cereal Yield Change	0.68 0-1	2023	67.5	-19.0	-10.3
Projected Vector Disease Change	0.66 0-1	2023	65.8	0.0	0.0
Projected Marine Biodiversity Loss	0.64 0-1	2023	63.7	+26.5	+27.0
Projected Warm Period Change	0.54 0-1	2023	54.1	-13.6	-11.2
Projected Biome Distribution Change	0.47 0-1	2023	47.1	-10.5	-8.2
Natural Capital Dependency	0.47 0-1	2023	46.8	+25.0	+21.0
Projected Hydropower Change	0.44 0-1	2023	43.7	0.0	0.0
Protected Biome Areas	0.42 0-1	2023	42.2	+1.2	-2.7
Quality of Trade Infrastructure	0.36 0-1	2023	35.9	-26.3	-25.1
Projected Population Change	0.33 0-1	2023	32.5	+10.2	+8.9
Age Dependency Ratio	0.31 0-1	2023	30.8	-21.9	-14.8
Projected Flood Hazard Change	0.30 0-1	2023	29.6	+11.3	+17.5
Water Stress	974 %	2021	25.3	+25.0	+23.9
Projected Climate-Related Deaths	0.21 0-1	2023	21.2	-9.1	0.0
Food Import Dependency	0.21 0-1	2023	20.9	-0.8	+1.4
Access to Improved Sanitation	0.20 0-1	2023	20.3	-18.9	-12.9
Population Below 5m	0.19 0-1	2023	19.4	+4.6	+1.6
Natural Resource Depletion	5.10 % of GNI	2020	18.6	+16.2	+14.5
Earthquake Risk	1.80 0-10	2026	18.0	-17.0	-49.5
Rural Population	0.16 0-1	2023	16.2	-26.4	-28.4
Child Malnutrition	0.16 0-1	2023	16.1	+2.3	-1.7
Ecological Footprint	0.15 0-1	2023	14.8	-7.8	-10.1
Agriculture GDP Share	2.46 % of GDP	2023	6.8	-12.1	-15.3
Threatened Mammal Species	11.0 count	2018	5.8	+0.6	-1.0
Food Production Index	173 index	2022	4.5	-62.6	-55.5
Projected Sea Level Rise Impact	0.04 0-1	2023	3.9	-9.6	-12.1
Tsunami Risk	0.00 0-10	2026	0.0	-11.0	-25.0
Tree Cover Loss	0.00 hectares	2021	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Forest Depletion	0.00 % of GNI	2020	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Projected Annual Runoff Change	0.00 0-1	2023	0.0	-39.6	-27.6
Projected Groundwater Change	0.00 0-1	2023	0.0	-26.2	-28.6
Water Dependency Ratio	0.00 0-1	2023	0.0	-6.9	-7.0
Dependency Ratio	0.00 0-1	2023	0.0	-6.8	-3.9
Energy Import Dependency	0.00 0-1	2023	0.0	-25.7	-20.7
Electricity Access	0.00 0-1	2023	0.0	0.0	0.0

		Year		vs world	vs region
Hospital Beds	2.15 per 1,000	2021	85.6	+1.7	+0.3
Overweight Adults	71.8 % adults	2022	76.7	+20.7	+22.0
Unmet Contraception Need	21.4 %	2023	70.6	+13.0	+29.9
Net Migration	325691 persons	2023	66.1	+11.1	+11.2
Gender Labor Ratio	42.2 ratio F/M	2023	64.1	+37.1	+24.3
Primary School Enrollment	103 % gross	2022	60.4	-3.2	-3.8
GDP Growth	0.54 % annual	2023	52.6	+3.7	+4.8
Uprooted People	5.00 0-10	2026	50.0	-9.0	-3.5
School Gender Parity	0.99 ratio	2021	44.2	+3.2	+2.9
Labor Participation	65.2 % (15+)	2023	36.1	+6.0	+4.9
Fertility Rate	2.28 births per woman	2023	28.8	+5.5	+5.6
ESG Performance Score	2.22 0-100	2018	28.6	+3.6	+2.3
Life Expectancy	78.7 years	2023	23.9	-15.6	-9.3
Sanitation Access	79.9 % population	2022	20.6	-19.4	-13.8
Unemployment Rate	4.01 %	2023	11.1	-3.1	-0.5
Communicable Disease Deaths	7.13 %	2019	9.1	-7.0	-5.1
Children Under 5	0.70 0-10	2026	7.0	-4.0	-6.0
Under-5 Mortality Rate	6.20 per 1,000	2023	4.2	-8.0	-6.3
Aging Population	2.82 % population	2023	3.6	-12.8	-10.2
Adult Literacy Rate	98.0 %	2020	2.9	-5.8	-1.4
Food Security	0.20 0-10	2026	2.0	-16.0	-16.0
Health Conditions	0.10 0-10	2026	1.0	-7.0	-3.0
Undernourishment	3.00 % population	2022	1.0	-4.8	-4.6
Population Density	15.0 people/km2	2022	0.1	-0.4	-0.5
Aid Dependency	0.00 0-10	2026	0.0	-25.0	-21.0
Development and Deprivation	0.00 0-10	2026	0.0	-30.0	-25.5
Recent Shocks	0.00 0-10	2026	0.0	-1.0	-3.0
Access to Electricity	100 % population	2023	0.0	0.0	0.0
Internet Users	100 % population	2023	0.0	-20.9	-16.4

		Year		vs world	vs region
Patent Applications	1398 count	2021	99.9	-0.1	-0.1
Scientific Articles	25825 count	2022	97.1	-2.8	-2.7
Voice and Accountability	-1.42 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	78.3	+29.4	+12.8
Legal Rights Strength	3.00 0-12	2019	75.0	+25.0	+25.0
R&D Expenditure	0.56 % of GDP	2023	67.7	-18.6	-24.0
Women in Parliament	19.9 % seats	2023	67.6	+9.4	-1.6
Political Stability	-0.21 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	54.3	+4.5	-1.3
Rule of Law	0.41 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	41.7	-11.3	-11.4
Regulatory Quality	0.52 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	39.7	-13.0	-14.9
Control of Corruption	0.54 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	39.3	-16.3	-19.0
INFORM Governance Index	3.80 0-10	2026	38.0	-18.0	-19.5
Government Effectiveness	0.80 -2.5 to +2.5	2023	34.1	-17.6	-16.6
Physical Infrastructure	3.30 0-10	2026	33.0	+3.0	+3.5
Disaster Risk Reduction	2.70 0-10	2026	27.0	-14.5	-9.0
Communication Infrastructure	0.70 0-10	2026	7.0	-13.0	-7.5
Healthcare Access	0.50 0-10	2026	5.0	-32.0	-28.0

		Year		vs world	vs region
Innovation (Readiness)	0.22 0-1	2023	78.3	-16.4	-16.0
Education (Readiness)	0.44 0-1	2023	55.8	-17.3	-17.1
Political Stability (Readiness)	0.53 0-1	2023	46.7	+3.6	-1.6
Control of Corruption (Readiness)	0.55 0-1	2023	45.2	-19.1	-22.6
Regulatory Quality (Readiness)	0.59 0-1	2023	41.0	-11.0	-10.8
Rule of Law (Readiness)	0.61 0-1	2023	39.3	-13.3	-14.3
Doing Business Score	0.69 0-1	2023	30.8	-27.6	-20.3
ICT Infrastructure	0.71 0-1	2023	28.9	-18.8	-16.6

These indicators have site-level resolution. Score your exact location.

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Common questions

Answer-first, drawn from the same data above.

How risky is Saudi Arabia?
Saudi Arabia: mid-pack overall, with governance the main pressure, easing recently. Its overall risk score is 41 out of 100 (medium), blended from World Bank, INFORM Risk Index and ND-GAIN Country Index.
What drives Saudi Arabia's risk?
Saudi Arabia's highest pressures are governance (57, medium) and climate (50). Its strongest area is social (20).
How might Saudi Arabia's climate change by 2080?
Saudi Arabia's climate zones stay broadly stable through 2080 even under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5); its Koppen-based climate-hazard pressure index holds near 66 out of 100. This forward-looking outlook is separate from the historical ND-GAIN scores.
How much will Saudi Arabia warm by 2080?
Under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), Saudi Arabia is on track to warm by +4.3 °C by 2080, with annual precipitation changing by +4 mm; under lower emissions (SSP2-4.5) the warming is about +2.9 °C. Based on CMIP6 multi-model projections against a 1970-2000 baseline.
How much will sea levels rise along Saudi Arabia's coast?
Coastal sea level along Saudi Arabia is projected to rise by +0.74 m by 2100 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), and by about +0.50 m under lower emissions (SSP2-4.5). Based on the regional median of IPCC AR6 projections.
How will water stress change in Saudi Arabia?
The share of Saudi Arabia under high water stress is projected to move from 23% today to 28% by 2080 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). Based on WRI Aqueduct projections.
How will river-flood exposure change in Saudi Arabia?
The share of Saudi Arabia exposed to river flooding is projected to move from 0.1% today to 0% by 2080 under a high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). Based on WRI Aqueduct riverine-flood projections.
When was Saudi Arabia's risk data last updated?
Updated September 2026, drawing on World Bank, INFORM Risk Index and ND-GAIN Country Index.